How Do People Get Autism

Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder

When discussing the question of 'how do people get autism', it is crucial first to understand what Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is.

Overview of Autism

ASD is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that impacts social interactions and communication, often accompanied by restrictive or repetitive behaviors. Although there is no single known cause, multiple factors such as environmental, biologic, and genetic elements contribute to the likelihood of a child developing ASD [1].

Genetic changes or mutations, including those in certain genes or regions of DNA, can increase the risk of ASD. For some individuals, a high risk for ASD can be linked to specific genetic disorders such as Rett syndrome or fragile X syndrome [2]. Environmental influences may also play a role in increasing autism risk.

ASD usually manifests before the age of 3 and can persist throughout a person's life, though symptoms may improve over time. Some children exhibit symptoms as early as 12 months, while others show signs later at around 24 months of age or even beyond.

Signs and Symptoms

Signs of autism can be different in girls and boys. Autistic girls may exhibit different signs compared to boys, making it harder to spot in girls. Children with ASD may develop normally for the first few months or years of life, but then suddenly become withdrawn or aggressive or lose language skills they've already acquired. Signs are usually seen by age 2 years.

Additionally, ASD is more than four times more prevalent among boys than girls. It is also noted to affect individuals across various racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups.

Autism spectrum disorder begins in early childhood, and often children show symptoms of autism within the first year. A small number of children appear to develop normally in the first year, and then go through a period of regression between 18 and 24 months of age when they develop autism symptoms.

Recognizing the signs and symptoms of autism is the first step towards understanding this complex disorder. It is important to remember that each individual with autism is unique and may exhibit different combinations of symptoms.

Genetic Factors in Autism

In the quest to understand how people get autism, the role of genetic factors cannot be ignored. Extensive research is being conducted to unravel the genetic contributions and inherited risk factors associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Genetic Contributions

Autism tends to run in families, which suggests a significant genetic basis. According to Autism Speaks, 60 to 90% of the risk for ASD comes from an individual's genome. Genetic changes or mutations, including those in certain genes or regions of DNA, can increase the risk of ASD. For some individuals, the risk for ASD can be linked to specific genetic disorders such as Rett syndrome or fragile X syndrome.

A recent study that involved whole genome sequencing of 4,551 individuals from 1,004 families with at least two children diagnosed with autism identified seven potential genes predicted to increase the risk of autism. These genes are PLEKHA8, PRR25, FBXL13, VPS54, SLFN5, SNCAIP, and TGM1 UCLA Health.

Gene	Associated with Increased Risk of Autism
PLEKHA8	Yes
PRR25	Yes
FBXL13	Yes
VPS54	Yes
SLFN5	Yes
SNCAIP	Yes
TGM1	Yes

Inherited Risk Factors

Beyond the genetic contributions, inherited risk factors also play a significant role in the occurrence of ASD. If a family has a child with autism, the likelihood of having another autistic child increases, and other family members are also more likely to have a child with ASD Autism Speaks.

According to UCLA Health, autism is estimated to be highly heritable, with at least 50% of genetic risk predicted by common genetic variation and another 15-20% due to spontaneous mutations or predictable inheritance patterns. The remaining genetic risk is yet to be determined.

It is important to note that while genetics play a significant role, they are not the sole determinant of ASD. Researchers believe that both genetic and environmental factors are involved in autism pathogenesis Source. Ongoing research continues to shed light on the complex interplay of factors that contribute to ASD.

Environmental Influences on Autism

While genetics play a significant role in autism, environmental factors also contribute to the risk of developing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Understanding these influences provides a broader perspective on the question, 'how do people get autism?'

Impact of Environment

According to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, environmental influences may also play a role in increasing autism risk [2]. It's important to clarify that 'environment', in this context, does not solely refer to factors like air quality or exposure to certain chemicals. It includes any non-genetic influence that can affect a person's development, including prenatal and postnatal factors.

Research indicates that both genetic and environmental factors are involved in autism pathogenesis, with a wide range of studies conducted to identify these etiological factors [5]. While the specific environmental triggers are still under investigation, some potential influences have been identified and are further discussed in the following section.

Prenatal and Postnatal Factors

Studies have shown that certain prenatal conditions and maternal factors may be associated with a higher risk of autism in children. These can include problems with the mother's immune system, certain metabolic conditions, or inflammation during pregnancy. It's important to note that while these factors are associated with an increased risk, they are not definitive causes of autism. Many women experience these conditions during pregnancy without giving birth to a child with ASD.

Postnatal factors, such as early-life exposure to air pollution and certain contaminants like heavy metals and pesticides, also raise concerns about autism risk. Again, these factors are not causes but rather contributors to the overall risk.

In summary, while genetics play a significant role in the development of autism, environmental influences also contribute to the risk. Understanding these factors is key to furthering our knowledge of autism and developing effective strategies for prevention and treatment.

Autism Diagnosis and Development

The development and diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) involve a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The ability to detect early signs of autism is crucial for timely intervention and better prognosis.

Early Detection

Autism spectrum disorder usually manifests before the age of 3 and can persist throughout a person's life, though symptoms may improve over time. Some children exhibit symptoms as early as 12 months, while others show signs later at around 24 months of age or even beyond.

Children with autism spectrum disorder may develop normally for the first few months or years of life, but then suddenly become withdrawn or aggressive or lose language skills they've already acquired. Signs are usually seen by age 2 years [4].

Diagnostic Process

The diagnostic process for autism involves a careful evaluation of a child's behavior and development. During this process, clinicians look for signs of autism such as difficulties with social interaction, communication challenges, and repetitive behaviors.

In addition to behavioral observations, genetic testing can provide valuable insights into the risk of autism. In a study that involved whole genome sequencing of 4,551 individuals from 1,004 families with at least two children diagnosed with autism, researchers identified seven potential genes predicted to increase the risk of autism. These genes are PLEKHA8, PRR25, FBXL13, VPS54, SLFN5, SNCAIP, and TGM1 [7].

Furthermore, it was found that children who inherit rare mutations from unaffected parents in combination with polygenic risk are more likely to have autism, explaining why parents carrying a single rare mutation may not exhibit signs of autism even if their children do. This supports the liability threshold model in behavioral genetics, indicating an additive effect of genes influencing the probability of developing a certain trait.

A significant finding in the study is that children who had language delays showed a higher likelihood of inheriting a polygenic score associated with autism. This relationship was specific to autism and not observed in other traits like educational attainment, schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder, suggesting a link between the genetic risk for autism and language delay [7].

By understanding how autism develops and the factors that contribute to its diagnosis, we can enhance our approach towards early detection and intervention, thereby improving the quality of life for individuals with autism and their families.

Treatment Approaches for Autism

When it comes to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there is no one-size-fits-all treatment. The key is to create a personalized approach that caters to the unique needs and challenges of each individual. This section discusses the two main aspects of autism treatment - individualized treatment plans and the multidisciplinary approach.

Individualized Treatment Plans

Treatment for ASD aims to alleviate symptoms that hinder daily functioning and quality of life, emphasizing addressing each individual's unique strengths, challenges, and treatment needs. These individualized treatment plans may include a combination of therapies such as behavioral, speech and language, occupational, and social skills training.

The unique needs and challenges of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are best addressed through individualized treatment plans. These plans may include a combination of therapies, interventions, and supports tailored to the individual's strengths, weaknesses, and specific goals.

Multidisciplinary Approach

The treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, with a team of professionals working together to address the various aspects of the individual's condition. This team may include professionals such as psychologists, speech and language therapists, occupational therapists, and behavioral therapists.

Additionally, the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often involves various professionals collaborating to provide comprehensive care. This may include professionals such as pediatricians, psychologists, speech and language therapists, occupational therapists, and special education teachers.

The individualized treatment plan and the multidisciplinary approach together form the cornerstone of effective autism care. By focusing on the individual's unique needs and utilizing the expertise of various professionals, it's possible to significantly improve the quality of life and daily functioning of individuals with ASD.

Debunking Misconceptions

When considering the question, "how do people get autism?", it's essential to debunk some common misconceptions. This includes misunderstandings regarding vaccines and genetic testing.

Vaccines and Autism

A widespread myth is the alleged link between childhood vaccinations and autism. However, extensive research conducted over the last two decades has consistently shown that vaccines do not cause autism. The timing of an autism diagnosis might coincide with the recommended vaccine schedule for children and adolescents, but this does not mean one causes the other. Vaccination plays a crucial role in protecting children from preventable diseases like measles.

The original study that sparked this debate has been retracted due to poor design and questionable research methods. The CDC also corroborates that there is no scientific evidence to support a link between vaccines and autism, emphasizing that vaccines are safe.

Genetic Testing Recommendations

Another common misconception is the belief that genetic testing can definitively predict or confirm autism. While it's true that certain genetic factors can contribute to the risk of developing autism, it's essential to understand that autism is a multifactorial condition. This means it's likely influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Genetic testing can provide valuable insights into an individual's genetic makeup and potential inherited risk factors. However, a positive result does not guarantee that an individual will develop autism, nor does a negative result rule it out completely. It's crucial to consult with a healthcare provider or genetic counselor to understand what genetic testing can and cannot tell you about autism risk.

In conclusion, understanding the actual causes and risk factors of autism can help dispel harmful myths and misconceptions. By relying on evidence-based information, we can promote a more accurate and compassionate understanding of autism.